GENETIC ENGINEERING
The human manipulation of the genetic material
of a cell.
Genetic engineering involves isolating indi-
vidual DNA fragments, coupling them with
other genetic material, and causing the genes to
replicate themselves. Introducing this created
complex to a host cell causes it to multiply and
produce clones that can later be harvested and
used for a variety of purposes. Current applica-
tions of the technology include medical investi-
gations of gene structure for the control of
genetic disease, particularly through antenatal
diagnosis. The synthesis of hormones and other
proteins (e.g., growth hormone and insulin),
which are otherwise obtainable only in their
natural state, is also of interest to scientists.
Applications for genetic engineering include
disease control, hormone and protein synthesis,
and animal research.
International Codes and Ethical Issues
for Society
An international code of ethics for genetic
research was first established in the World Med-
ical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki in 1964.
The guide prohibited outright most forms of
genetic engineering and was accepted by numer-
ous U.S. professional medical societies, including
